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Arch Aesthetic Plast Surg > Volume 23(1); 2017 > Article
Park, Park, Shin, Shin, and Nam: The Effect of Acellular Dermal Matrix in Implant-Based Immediate Breast Reconstruction with Latissimus Dorsi Flap

Abstract

Background

Capsular contracture is the most frequently reported complication after implant-based breast reconstruction. This study was first undertaken to present our experience with acellular dermal matrix for prevention of capsular contracture in implant-based immediate breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap, and to assess the final aesthetic outcome.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent immediate latissimus dorsi flap breast reconstruction in combination with implant and acellular dermal matrix from January 2014 to December 2015. Demographics and clinical characteristics and postoperative complications, especially focused on capsular contracture, were assessed. They were also analyzed as the potential risk factors for the development of capsular contracture. The aesthetic outcome of the overall reconstruction and the final outcome of the inframammary fold were evaluated.

Results

During the study period, a total of 30 patients (30 breasts) were reviewed. The mean Baker grades for all 29 breasts (one breast was dropped out due to implant loss), evaluated at one year after reconstruction, was 1.21±0.49 capsular contracture. None of risk factors except seroma/hematoma (P=0.033) were significantly associated with the development of capsular contracture. Overall aesthetic outcome was 8.2±1.2 and aesthetic outcome of the inframammary fold was 3.5±0.6 for physician and 3.4±0.6 for patients.

Conclusions

In this study, we have shown the ability of acellular dermal matrix to prevent capsular contracture observed in implant-based immediate breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap and its use was proven to create superior aesthetic results.

INTRODUCTION

Breast reconstruction with implant-based procedures after mastectomy has increased significantly since the introduction of breast implants more than half a century ago [1]. Despite advances in implant devices and surgical techniques, capsular contracture is the most frequently reported complication that affects 2.8 to 15.9% of patients and is the most common indication for reoperation [2].
Over the last five decades, numerous surgical therapeutic options have been debated and proposed to reduce the incidence of capsular contracture including placement of implants in the submuscular or dual plane position, using textured implants, intraoperative pocket irrigation with antibiotics, pocket creation using cautery instead of blunt dissection, minimal handling/touching of implant and breast skin on insertion, the avoidance of drains, and the inframammary as opposed to periareolar approach for implant placement [3]. Unfortunately, current treatments are often ineffective with disappointing results [4,5].
Recently, acellular dermal matrices have emerged as a potential modality for the prevention of capsular contracture. Their widespread use in breast reconstruction can be traced to several cited functional benefits over performing the conventional submuscular technique, such as better implant support and soft-tissue coverage, improved aesthetic results by better control and accentuation of the inframammary fold, definition of the lateral mammary contour, and lower pole projection for a more naturally ptotic contour of the reconstructed breast [6-9], decreased rippling and palpability along the inferior pole acting as camouflages the surface of the implant, reduced musculofascial dissection, and reduction in postoperative pain by obviating the need for the dissection of serratus anterior and rectus abdominis muscles [10].
Less capsular contracture (0-4%) recently has been reported by multiple clinical studies with the use of acellular dermal matrix in implant–based breast reconstruction [6-9,11-14]. This is a great improvement over reported capsular contracture rates of 10 to 20% in traditional reconstructions without acellular dermal matrix [15], strongly suggesting that matrix may have the potential ability to mitigate the risk of capsular contracture. Furthermore, histologic evidences are in concordance with this clinical observation.
Although acellular dermal matrix-assisted reconstruction is not novel [11], there is limited information on the use of acellular dermal matrix in breast reconstruction with implant and latissimus dorsi flap, widely applicable with a high degree of satisfaction among the patients and few functional repercussions [16], specifically focused on capsular contracture reduction.
This study was first undertaken to present our experience with acellular dermal matrix for prevention of capsular contracture in implant-based immediate breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap, and to assess the final aesthetic outcome, with particular attention to the inframammary fold.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent immediate latissimus dorsi flap breast reconstruction in combination with implant and acellular dermal matrix after mastectomy for breast cancer at our institution from January 2014 to December 2015. Data were collected in accordance with requirements of our institutional review board. Only primary reconstructions after therapeutic mastectomy for breast cancer were included in this study. Patient who only underwent reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap or implant were excluded from the study to achieve a homogenous study population. All operations were performed by a single oncologic surgeon and single plastic surgeon minimizing surgeon-related variables. During the study period, patients were followed every 3 months for the year following reconstruction
Data on the following characteristics were recorded: age, body mass index (BMI), and smoking status, implant size, mastectomy type, and history of radiation. We evaluated the clinical course and complications base on the following factors: 1) capsular contracture, 2) seroma/hematoma, 3) skin necrosis, 4) infection, and 5) implant loss. Complications were identified independently by the attending surgeon at follow-up visits. In addition, the influence of patient- and surgery-related characteristics and postoperative complications on the development of capsular contracture was analyzed as the potential risk factors for capsular contracture.
Capsular contracture was evaluated by the surgeon who performed the reconstruction based on standard definitions according to the Baker classification system modified for prosthetic breast reconstruction, with grade 1 as free of contracture, grade 2 as minimal contracture and slightly firm to palpation without visible contour abnormality of the reconstructed breast, grade 3 as a moderately firm contracture with a readily detectable implant, and grade 4 as severe contracture with painful symptoms [14].
Two cosmetic outcomes were evaluated: the aesthetic outcome of the overall reconstruction and the final outcome of the inframammary fold. Aesthetic outcomes of the overall reconstruction were scored on a ten-point scale, with 10 representing the best possible aesthetic outcome. Aesthetic outcome of the inframammary fold was graded on a four-point scale based on established scoring categories [17]. The fold was rated excellent if it was well-defined and symmetrical (score of 4), good if it was well-defined and asymmetrical (score of 3), and fair or poor if it was ill-defined (score of 2 or 1). The surgeon and the patients assigned a composite score for the outcome of the inframammary fold and only the patients scored on overall aesthetic appearance at the time of follow-up visit at one year after the reconstruction.

Surgical technique

Patients underwent skin sparing mastectomy or nipple-areolar sparing mastectomy depending on the extent of the cancer. After completion of the mastectomy, latissimus dorsi flap was harvested with the use of electrocautery and transposed to the new breast site. The patients were placed in the supine position after closure and dressing of the dorsal are aplacing two drains. The inferior attachment of the pectoralis major was dissected off the chest wall, and its inferomedial portions were released from the rib cage and the sterna edge for placement of an implant. Ensuring greater thickness for coverage in the upper and medial quadrants, the latissimus dorsi flap was sutured with 3-0 Vicryl over the pectoralis major muscle. Next, a piece of acellular dermal matrix was placed without major folds or wrinkles. During inset, acellular dermal matrix was sutured to the chest wall tissue inferiorly and laterally to the serratus anterior fascia using a running 3-0 Vicryl suture to best control the inframammary and lateral mammary folds. Following irrigation of the pocket, an appropriate implant was placed accordingly in a submuscular pocket with the acellular dermal matrix acting as a sling supporting its weight. The superior border of the acellular dermal matrix was then sutured to the free edge of the pectoralis major muscle and latissimus dorsi muscle to minimize gap formation that reduced the risk of direct exposure of the implant to the breast skin flap. The acellular dermal matrix used in our series was 4×14 cm sheet of CGDerm (CGBio Corp., Seungnam, Korea) with a thickness of 2 to 3 mm. The nipple-areolar complex defect was covered with the skin paddle of latissimus dorsi flap. Two drains were used for each breast reconstruction. The first was placed along the inframammary fold and the second was placed toward the axilla. They were left in place until the output was less than 30 mL over a 24-hour period.
Strict aseptic techniques, such as soaking in antibiotic solution, pocket irrigation, donning a clean pair of gloves, and re-preparing of the skin before the implant placement, were used when handling both acellular dermal matrix and implant.

Statistical analysis

Data were reported as mean±standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and number of participants (% age) for categorical variables. Statistical differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between two groups per radiotherapy or capsular contracture were evaluated by means of Fisher’s exact test. Wilcoxon’s signed rank test was used to compare differences in Baker grade between two postoperative evaluation time points. A P-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 14.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and R version 3.1.3 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

RESULTS

During the study period, a total of 30 patients (30 breasts) underwent acellular dermal matrix-assisted immediate reconstruction with implant and latissimus dorsi flap. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patient population are summarized in Table 1. Briefly, the mean age and BMI were 46.4±9.3 years (range, 23-64 years) and 23.1±3.2 kg/m2. Five patients (16.7%) were obese (BMI >25 kg/m2) and one (3.3%) was smoking. Three patients (10.0%) had undergone postoperative radiotherapy. The majority of mastectomies were performed as skin-sparing (83.3%) and five (16.7%) were nipple-areola sparing. Implants ranged in size from 120 to 375 cc with a mean of 263.7±72.9 cc. All of the implants placed were textured type.
Complications during the follow-up period are listed in Table 2. They consisted of one mild infection (3.3%), one major infection subsequently requiring explantation (3.3%), one skin necrosis (3.3 %), and one seroma/hematoma (3.3%). One patient (3.3%) developed an infection and a skin necrosis requiring implant removal and subsequently developed an infected seroma. This patient ultimately underwent corrective surgery involving a capsulectomy followed by removal of the implant, pocket irrigation with antibiotic solution, and replacement of the prosthesis.
The mean Baker grades for all 29 breasts, evaluated three months and at one year after reconstruction, were 1.23±0.50 and 1.21±0.49 (P=0.766) capsular contracture (Table 3). Of the three breasts (10.3%) that were Baker grade II capsular contracture, two had postoperative irradiation and none had a clinically identifiable infection or seroma/hematoma. Only one patient (3.4%) had Baker III capsular contracture who requested correction which involved capsulotomy with implant removal and replacement by another one (Fig. 1). Nine factors were analyzed as the potential risk factors for the development of capsular contracture, including patient age, BMI, smoking status, a history of radiotherapy, implant size, mastectomy type, seroma/hematoma, infection and skin necrosis prior to the development of capsular contracture (Table 4). None of these factors except seroma/hematoma (P =0.033) were significantly associated with the development of capsular contracture.
Table 5 shows ratings of final aesthetic outcomes at one year after reconstruction. Overall aesthetic outcome was 8.2±1.2 and aesthetic outcome of the inframammary fold was 3.5±0.6 for the surgeon and 3.4±0.6 for the patients.

DISCUSSION

Capsular contracture remains one of the most frequent and challenging complications in implant-based breast reconstruction and often requires reoperation. The precise mechanisms and the cause of capsular contracture are still not well understood [18]. Handel et al. [15] found that the incidence of capsular contracture increases over time. And infection and subsequent inflammation in the periprosthetic space also promote to capsule formation. As implant size increased, the rate of capsular contracture decreased was reported by Stevens et al. [19].
The introduction of acellular dermal matrices in breast reconstruction, first used to create a inferolateral sling to enhance shape and projection of the reconstructed breast [5,9], has seen a reduction in the incidence of capsular contracture over the last decade. A number of studies supported a low incidence of capsular contracture when acellular dermal matrices were employed [6-9,13]. Salzberg et al. [13] reported a 0.4% incidence of significant capsular contracture with 21 month surveillance period following acellular dermal matrix use in a series of 466 direct-to-implant breast reconstructions. By comparison, significantly lower rates of capsular contracture rates are confirmed in acellular matrix-assisted reconstructions versus standard reconstructions [14].
However, the enthusiasm for acellular dermal matrix as a preventative tool should be tempered because the risks associated with acellular dermal matrix are equivocal [12]. In a study of 283 patients undergoing breast reconstruction over a six-year follow-up, the relative risk of major infection (8.2%) was found to be twelve fold higher, the risk of seroma formation (14.1%) four fold higher, and the risk of mastectomy major skin flap necrosis (20.5%) five fold higher with acellular dermal matrix than when implants were placed without acellular dermal matrix.
We reviewed the complications associated with acellular dermal matrix in implant-based immediate breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap, especially focused on the incidence of capsular contracture, and explored the potential risk factors for the development of capsular contracture. Overall complication rates were found to be low. Infection (6.7%), seroma/hematoma (3.3%), skin necrosis (3.3%), and implant loss (3.3%), which previously been reported to be comparable or higher in acellular dermal matrix-assisted breast reconstructions (infection rate, 8.9–28.9%; seroma rate, 9.7–14.1%; skin necrosis rate, 8.9–23.4%; implant loss rate, 2.7–5.4%) were rare in our study [12].
The incidence of capsular contracture was low throughout the at one year follow-up period. Only one breast (3.4%) was diagnosed as clinically significant capsular contracture with grade III in our study population. Compared with the rates of capsular contracture in one of the larger studies comparing capsular contracture rates between 337 acellular dermal matrix (208 breasts) and non–acellular dermal matrix (129 breasts) in breast reconstructions, our rates are slightly lower (3.8% vs. 3.4%) [14]. Of three breasts with grade II capsular contracture, two (66.6%) received radiotherapy which has been possibly associated with an increased rate of capsular contracture, regardless of acellular dermal matrix use [20].
Among the potential risk factors, described above, some variables such as age, BMI, seroma/hematoma, and radiotherapy have been demonstrated to increase the incidence of capsular contracture in standard reconstructions. In our study, these risk factors, with exception of seroma/hematoma (P=0.033), do not appeared to significantly influence on the development of capsular contracture. Infection, previously demonstrated as an independent potential risk factor in various studies, provided a possible association with capsule formation although it was not statistically significant (P<0.067). It calls for prospective studies to explore the relationship between the use of acellular matrix and capsular contracture in the setting of infection.
Using acellular dermal matrix provides a better aesthetic outcome in various studies [6,11] but the most of them are the personal opinions of the authors upon reflection of their outcomes and their patients’ perceptions of their outcomes. Spear et al. [9] only performed the systematic analysis of the aesthetic outcome of reconstructed breast with implant and acellular dermal matrix compared with contralateral unreconstructed breast. To assess aesthetic outcome, a five point-scale was used. They found that there was no significant difference in scores between acellular dermal matrix-based reconstructed breast and contralateral native breast (3.68 vs. 3.98, P=0.03). Similarly, we quantify the aesthetic outcome of acellular dermal matrix-assisted immediate breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap and implant. It was quite acceptable with the overall aesthetic outcome of the reconstruction evaluated by the patients (8.2±1.2) and final outcome of the inframammary fold by the surgeon (3.5±0.6) and by the patients (3.4±0.6).
There are some weaknesses to our study as follows: 1) Most of the literatures, referred in this study, are based on the breast reconstruction with implant and acellular dermal matrix, not with the autologous flap such as latissimus dorsi flap so that it is hard to directly compare with our results. 2) A small number of enrolled patients (n=30) and the absence of a control population make it difficult to evaluate the effect of the acellular dermal matrix and the significant association with the potential risks and capsular contracture. 3) Although the most capsular contracture occurred within the first eleven months after implantation [21], considering that contracture is a progressive phenomenon, the length of follow-up in this study (one year) is too short to determine whether acellular matrix truly diminishes the risk of capsular contracture or merely delays the process. 4) In aesthetic evaluation, the expectations of trained surgeon may focus heavily on the final outcome of the inframammary fold position and contour and may differ from patient satisfaction. Our overall low incidence of capsular contracture in acellular dermal matrix-assisted immediate breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap and implant, and the association between potential risks and capsular contracture should be confirmed by further larger, longer-term, controlled studies (with/without acellular dermal matrix) to fully investigate the relationship between acellular dermal matrix use and capsular contracture.
In this study, we observed a comparable (or lower) incidence of capsular contracture in acellular dermal matrix–assisted immediate breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap and implant than what is reported in the literatures for implant-based breast reconstruction with acellular dermal matrix. Although it remains to be supported by further study and requires more evidence, this study points to the safety and the efficacy of acellular dermal matrix placement for prevention of capsular contracture in implantbased immediate breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap. Furthermore, we have been encouraged by our experience with acellular dermal matrices use for overall aesthetic outcomes and final outcome of the inframammary fold.
We have shown the ability of acellular dermal matrix to prevent capsular contracture observed in implant-based immediate breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap. At the very least, it was comparable to the acellular dermal matrix and implant-assisted breast reconstruction without latissimus dorsi flap which has been demonstrated to achieve remarkably less capsular contracture than traditional implant-based reconstruction without acellular dermal matrix. In addition, its use was proven to create superior aesthetic results. A high degree of satisfaction among the patients was achieved and the results were acceptable without increase in postoperative complications.
Larger, longer-term, and controlled studies are needed to understand about the mechanisms behind these observations and are required to achieve these benefits although preliminary evidence and our result suggest the potential benefits of acellular dermal matrix against the risk of capsular contracture when they are used in breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap and implant.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work is supported by Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Notes

PATIENT CONSENT

Patients provided written consent for the use of their images.

Fig. 1.
Representative photographs (frontal and oblique) for grading capsular contractures. Baker Grade I (A); Baker Grade II (B); Baker Grade III (C).
aaps-2017-23-1-17f1.jpg
Table 1.
Patient characteristics
Characteristics No. of patients (n = 30)
Age (year) 46.4 ± 9.3
 >60, n (%) 2 (6.7)
BMI (kg/m2) 23.1 ± 3.2
 >25, n (%) 5 (16.7)
Smoking, n (%) 1 (3.3)
Radiotherapy, n (%) 3 (10.0)
Implant size (cc) 263.7 ± 72.9
Mastectomy type
 SSM, n (%) 25 (83.3)
 NSM, n (%) 5 (16.7)

The data is presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

BMI, body mass index; SSM, skin sparing mastectomy; NSM, nipple sparing mastectomy.

Table 2.
Postoperative complications
Complications No. of patients (n = 30)
Implant loss, n (%) 1 (3.3)
Capsular contracturea)
 3 months, n (%) 1 (3.3)
 1 year, n (%) 1 (3.3)
Seroma/Hematoma, n (%) 1 (3.3)
Infection, n (%) 2 (6.7)
Skin necrosis, n (%) 1 (3.3)

a) ≥III on Baker Grade.

Table 3.
Capsular contracture (Baker Grade)
No. of patients (n = 29)a)
Baker Grade, n (%)
 I 25 (86.2)
 II 3 (10.3)
 III 1 (3.4)
 IV 0 (0.0)
Follow-up period
 3 months 1.23 ± 0.50
 1 year 1.21 ± 0.49
 P-value 0.766

The data is presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

a) One patient was dropped out because of implant loss.

Table 4.
Potential risk factors for development of capsular contracture
Risk factor No. of patients Contracturea) (n = 1) Non-contracture (n = 29) P-value
Age (year) 1
 ≤60, n (%) 28 1 (100.0) 27 (93.1)
 >60, n (%) 2 0 (0.0) 2 (6.9)
BMI (kg/m2) 0.233
 ≤25, n (%) 23 0 (0.0) 23 (79.3)
 >25, n (%) 7 1 (100.0) 6 (20.7)
Smoking 1
 No, n (%) 29 1 (100.0) 28 (96.6)
 Yes, n (%) 1 0 (0.0) 1 (3.4)
Radiotherapy 0.1
 No, n (%) 27 0 (0.0) 27 (93.1)
 Yes, n (%) 3 1 (100.0) 2 (6.9)
Implant size, cc 0.367
 ≤300, n (%) 19 0 (0.0) 19 (65.5)
 >300, n (%) 11 1 (100.0) 10 (34.5)
Mastectomy type 1
 SSM, n (%) 25 1 (100.0) 24 (82.8)
 NSM, n (%) 5 0 (0.0) 5 (17.2)
Seroma/Hematoma 0.033
 No, n (%) 29 0 (0.0) 29 (100.0)
 Yes, n (%) 1 1 (100.0) 0 (0)
Infection 0.067
 No, n (%) 28 0 (0.0) 28 (96.6)
 Yes, n (%) 2 1 (100.0) 1 (3.4)
Skin necrosis 1
 No, n (%) 29 1 (100.0) 28 (96.6)
 Yes, n (%) 1 0 (0.0) 1 (3.4)

a) ≥III on Baker Grade.

BMI, body mass index; SSM, skin sparing mastectomy; NSM, nipple sparing mastectomy.

Table 5.
Aesthetic outcomes
Outcome No. of patients (n = 29)a)
IMF evaluation by surgeon
 Poor, n (%) 0 (0.0)
 Fair, n (%) 1 (3.4)
 Good, n (%) 16 (55.2)
 Excellent, n (%) 12 (41.4)
 Average 3.5 ± 0.6
IMF evaluation by patient
 Poor, n (%) 0 (0.0)
 Fair, n (%) 2 (6.9)
 Good, n (%) 14 (48.3)
 Excellent, n (%) 13 (44.8)
 Average 3.4 ± 0.6
Overall outcomeb) 8.2 ± 1.2

The data is presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

a) One patient was dropped out because of implant loss.

b) 10-point scale (1 = no satisfied to 10 = fully satisfied).

IMF, inframammary fold.

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